Java 8日期/时间( Date/Time)API是开发人员最受追捧的变化之一,Java从一开始就没有对日期时间处理的一致性方法,因此日期/时间API也是除Java核心API以外另一项倍受欢迎的内容。
为什么我们需要新的Java日期/时间API?
在开始研究Java 8日期/时间API之前,让我们先来看一下为什么我们需要这样一个新的API。在Java中,现有的与日期和时间相关的类存在诸多问题,其中有:
在现有的日期和日历类中定义的方法还存在一些其他的问题,但以上问题已经很清晰地表明:Java需要一个健壮的日期/时间类。这也是为什么Joda Time在Java日期/时间需求中扮演了高质量替换的重要角色。
Java 8日期/时间API
Java 8日期/时间API是JSR-310的实现,它的实现目标是克服旧的日期时间实现中所有的缺陷,新的日期/时间API的一些设计原则是:
Java日期/时间API包
Java日期/时间API包含以下相应的包。
Java日期/时间API示例
我们已经浏览了Java日期/时间API的大多数重要部分,现在是时候根据示例仔细看一下最重要的一些类了。
1. java.time.LocalDate:LocalDate是一个不可变的类,它表示默认格式(yyyy-MM-dd)的日期,我们可以使用now()方法得到当前时间,也可以提供输入年份、月份和日期的输入参数来创建一个LocalDate实例。该类为now()方法提供了重载方法,我们可以传入ZoneId来获得指定时区的日期。该类提供与java.sql.Date相同的功能,对于如何使用该类,我们来看一个简单的例子。
- package com.journaldev.java8.time;
- import java.time.LocalDate;
- import java.time.Month;
- import java.time.ZoneId;
- /**
- * LocalDate Examples
- * @author pankaj
- *
- */
- public class LocalDateExample {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- //Current Date
- LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
- System.out.println("Current Date="+today);
- //Creating LocalDate by providing input arguments
- LocalDate firstDay_2014 = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.JANUARY, 1);
- System.out.println("Specific Date="+firstDay_2014);
- //Try creating date by providing invalid inputs
- //LocalDate feb29_2014 = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.FEBRUARY, 29);
- //Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException:
- //Invalid date 'February 29' as '2014' is not a leap year
- //Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc
- LocalDate todayKolkata = LocalDate.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata"));
- System.out.println("Current Date in IST="+todayKolkata);
- //java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST
- //LocalDate todayIST = LocalDate.now(ZoneId.of("IST"));
- //Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970
- LocalDate dateFromBase = LocalDate.ofEpochDay(365);
- System.out.println("365th day from base date= "+dateFromBase);
- LocalDate hundredDay2014 = LocalDate.ofYearDay(2014, 100);
- System.out.println("100th day of 2014="+hundredDay2014);
- }
- }
示例方法的详解都包含在注释内,当我们运行程序时,可以得到以下输出:
- Current Date=2014-04-28
- Specific Date=2014-01-01
- Current Date in IST=2014-04-29
- 365th day from base date= 1971-01-01
- 100th day of 2014=2014-04-10
2. java.time.LocalTime:LocalTime是一个不可变的类,它的实例代表一个符合人类可读格式的时间,默认格式是hh:mm:ss.zzz。像LocalDate一样,该类也提供了时区支持,同时也可以传入小时、分钟和秒等输入参数创建实例,我们来看一个简单的程序,演示该类的使用方法。
- package com.journaldev.java8.time;
- import java.time.LocalTime;
- import java.time.ZoneId;
- /**
- * LocalTime Examples
- * @author pankaj
- *
- */
- public class LocalTimeExample {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- //Current Time
- LocalTime time = LocalTime.now();
- System.out.println("Current Time="+time);
- //Creating LocalTime by providing input arguments
- LocalTime specificTime = LocalTime.of(12,20,25,40);
- System.out.println("Specific Time of Day="+specificTime);
- //Try creating time by providing invalid inputs
- //LocalTime invalidTime = LocalTime.of(25,20);
- //Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException:
- //Invalid value for HourOfDay (valid values 0 - 23): 25
- //Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc
- LocalTime timeKolkata = LocalTime.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata"));
- System.out.println("Current Time in IST="+timeKolkata);
- //java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST
- //LocalTime todayIST = LocalTime.now(ZoneId.of("IST"));
- //Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970
- LocalTime specificSecondTime = LocalTime.ofSecondOfDay(10000);
- System.out.println("10000th second time= "+specificSecondTime);
- }
- }
当运行以上程序时,可以看到如下输出。
- Current Time=15:51:45.240
- Specific Time of Day=12:20:25.000000040
- Current Time in IST=04:21:45.276
- 10000th second time= 02:46:40
3. java.time.LocalDateTime:LocalDateTime是一个不可变的日期-时间对象,它表示一组日期-时间,默认格式是yyyy-MM-dd-HH-mm-ss.zzz。它提供了一个工厂方法,接收LocalDate和LocalTime输入参数,创建LocalDateTime实例。我们来看一个简单的例子。
- package com.journaldev.java8.time;
- import java.time.LocalDate;
- import java.time.LocalDateTime;
- import java.time.LocalTime;
- import java.time.Month;
- import java.time.ZoneId;
- import java.time.ZoneOffset;
- public class LocalDateTimeExample {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- //Current Date
- LocalDateTime today = LocalDateTime.now();
- System.out.println("Current DateTime="+today);
- //Current Date using LocalDate and LocalTime
- today = LocalDateTime.of(LocalDate.now(), LocalTime.now());
- System.out.println("Current DateTime="+today);
- //Creating LocalDateTime by providing input arguments
- LocalDateTime specificDate = LocalDateTime.of(2014, Month.JANUARY, 1, 10, 10, 30);
- System.out.println("Specific Date="+specificDate);
- //Try creating date by providing invalid inputs
- //LocalDateTime feb29_2014 = LocalDateTime.of(2014, Month.FEBRUARY, 28, 25,1,1);
- //Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException:
- //Invalid value for HourOfDay (valid values 0 - 23): 25
- //Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc
- LocalDateTime todayKolkata = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata"));
- System.out.println("Current Date in IST="+todayKolkata);
- //java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST
- //LocalDateTime todayIST = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("IST"));
- //Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970
- LocalDateTime dateFromBase = LocalDateTime.ofEpochSecond(10000, 0, ZoneOffset.UTC);
- System.out.println("10000th second time from 01/01/1970= "+dateFromBase);
- }
- }
在所有这三个例子中,我们已经看到如果我们提供了无效的参数去创建日期/时间,那么系统会抛出java.time.DateTimeException,这是一种运行时异常,我们并不需要显式地捕获它。
同时我们也看到,能够通过传入ZoneId得到日期/时间数据,你可以从它的Javadoc中得到支持的Zoneid的列表,当运行以上类时,可以得到以下输出。
- Current DateTime=2014-04-28T16:00:49.455
- Current DateTime=2014-04-28T16:00:49.493
- Specific Date=2014-01-01T10:10:30
- Current Date in IST=2014-04-29T04:30:49.493
- 10000th second time from 01/01/1970= 1970-01-01T02:46:40
4. java.time.Instant:Instant类是用在机器可读的时间格式上的,它以Unix时间戳的形式存储日期时间,我们来看一个简单的程序。
- package com.journaldev.java8.time;
- import java.time.Duration;
- import java.time.Instant;
- public class InstantExample {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- //Current timestamp
- Instant timestamp = Instant.now();
- System.out.println("Current Timestamp = "+timestamp);
- //Instant from timestamp
- Instant specificTime = Instant.ofEpochMilli(timestamp.toEpochMilli());
- System.out.println("Specific Time = "+specificTime);
- //Duration example
- Duration thirtyDay = Duration.ofDays(30);
- System.out.println(thirtyDay);
- }
- }
- 上述程序的输出是:
- Current Timestamp = 2014-04-28T23:20:08.489Z
- Specific Time = 2014-04-28T23:20:08.489Z
- PT720H
5. 日期API工具:我们早些时候提到过,大多数日期/时间API类都实现了一系列工具方法,如:加/减天数、周数、月份数,等等。还有其他的工具方法能够使用TemporalAdjuster调整日期,并计算两个日期间的周期。
- package com.journaldev.java8.time;
- import java.time.LocalDate;
- import java.time.LocalTime;
- import java.time.Period;
- import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjusters;
- public class DateAPIUtilities {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
- //Get the Year, check if it's leap year
- System.out.println("Year "+today.getYear()+" is Leap Year? "+today.isLeapYear());
- //Compare two LocalDate for before and after
- System.out.println("Today is before 01/01/2015? "+today.isBefore(LocalDate.of(2015,1,1)));
- //Create LocalDateTime from LocalDate
- System.out.println("Current Time="+today.atTime(LocalTime.now()));
- //plus and minus operations
- System.out.println("10 days after today will be "+today.plusDays(10));
- System.out.println("3 weeks after today will be "+today.plusWeeks(3));
- System.out.println("20 months after today will be "+today.plusMonths(20));
- System.out.println("10 days before today will be "+today.minusDays(10));
- System.out.println("3 weeks before today will be "+today.minusWeeks(3));
- System.out.println("20 months before today will be "+today.minusMonths(20));
- //Temporal adjusters for adjusting the dates
- System.out.println("First date of this month= "+today.with(TemporalAdjusters.firstDayOfMonth()));
- LocalDate lastDayOfYear = today.with(TemporalAdjusters.lastDayOfYear());
- System.out.println("Last date of this year= "+lastDayOfYear);
- Period period = today.until(lastDayOfYear);
- System.out.println("Period Format= "+period);
- System.out.println("Months remaining in the year= "+period.getMonths());
- }
- }
上述程序的输出是:
- Year 2014 is Leap Year? false
- Today is before 01/01/2015? true
- Current Time=2014-04-28T16:23:53.154
- 10 days after today will be 2014-05-08
- 3 weeks after today will be 2014-05-19
- 20 months after today will be 2015-12-28
- 10 days before today will be 2014-04-18
- 3 weeks before today will be 2014-04-07
- 20 months before today will be 2012-08-28
- First date of this month= 2014-04-01
- Last date of this year= 2014-12-31
- Period Format= P8M3D
- Months remaining in the year= 8
6. 解析和格式化:将一个日期格式转换为不同的格式,之后再解析一个字符串,得到日期时间对象,这些都是很常见的。我们来看一下简单的例子。
- package com.journaldev.java8.time;
- import java.time.Instant;
- import java.time.LocalDate;
- import java.time.LocalDateTime;
- import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
- public class DateParseFormatExample {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- //Format examples
- LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();
- //default format
- System.out.println("Default format of LocalDate="+date);
- //specific format
- System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu")));
- System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE));
- LocalDateTime dateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
- //default format
- System.out.println("Default format of LocalDateTime="+dateTime);
- //specific format
- System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss")));
- System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE));
- Instant timestamp = Instant.now();
- //default format
- System.out.println("Default format of Instant="+timestamp);
- //Parse examples
- LocalDateTime dt = LocalDateTime.parse("27::Apr::2014 21::39::48",
- DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss"));
- System.out.println("Default format after parsing = "+dt);
- }
- }
当运行以上程序时,可以看到如下输出。
7. 旧的日期时间支持:旧的日期/时间类已经在几乎所有的应用程序中使用,因此做到向下兼容是必须的。这也是为什么会有若干工具方法帮助我们将旧的类转换为新的类,反之亦然。我们来看一下简单的例子。
- package com.journaldev.java8.time;
- import java.time.Instant;
- import java.time.LocalDateTime;
- import java.time.ZoneId;
- import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
- import java.util.Calendar;
- import java.util.Date;
- import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
- import java.util.TimeZone;
- public class DateAPILegacySupport {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- //Date to Instant
- Instant timestamp = new Date().toInstant();
- //Now we can convert Instant to LocalDateTime or other similar classes
- LocalDateTime date = LocalDateTime.ofInstant(timestamp,
- ZoneId.of(ZoneId.SHORT_IDS.get("PST")));
- System.out.println("Date = "+date);
- //Calendar to Instant
- Instant time = Calendar.getInstance().toInstant();
- System.out.println(time);
- //TimeZone to ZoneId
- ZoneId defaultZone = TimeZone.getDefault().toZoneId();
- System.out.println(defaultZone);
- //ZonedDateTime from specific Calendar
- ZonedDateTime gregorianCalendarDateTime = new GregorianCalendar().toZonedDateTime();
- System.out.println(gregorianCalendarDateTime);
- //Date API to Legacy classes
- Date dt = Date.from(Instant.now());
- System.out.println(dt);
- TimeZone tz = TimeZone.getTimeZone(defaultZone);
- System.out.println(tz);
- GregorianCalendar gc = GregorianCalendar.from(gregorianCalendarDateTime);
- System.out.println(gc);
- }
- }
当运行以上程序时,可以看到如下输出。
- Date = 2014-04-28T16:28:54.340
- 2014-04-28T23:28:54.395Z
- America/Los_Angeles
- 2014-04-28T16:28:54.404-07:00[America/Los_Angeles]
- Mon Apr 28 16:28:54 PDT 2014
- sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo[id="America/Los_Angeles",offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,transitions=185,lastRule=java.util.SimpleTimeZone[id=America/Los_Angeles,offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,startYear=0,startMode=3,startMonth=2,startDay=8,startDayOfWeek=1,startTime=7200000,startTimeMode=0,endMode=3,endMonth=10,endDay=1,endDayOfWeek=1,endTime=7200000,endTimeMode=0]]
- java.util.GregorianCalendar[time=1398727734404,areFieldsSet=true,areAllFieldsSet=true,lenient=true,zone=sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo[id="America/Los_Angeles",offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,transitions=185,lastRule=java.util.SimpleTimeZone[id=America/Los_Angeles,offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,startYear=0,startMode=3,startMonth=2,startDay=8,startDayOfWeek=1,startTime=7200000,startTimeMode=0,endMode=3,endMonth=10,endDay=1,endDayOfWeek=1,endTime=7200000,endTimeMode=0]],firstDayOfWeek=2,minimalDaysInFirstWeek=4,ERA=1,YEAR=2014,MONTH=3,WEEK_OF_YEAR=18,WEEK_OF_MONTH=5,DAY_OF_MONTH=28,DAY_OF_YEAR=118,DAY_OF_WEEK=2,DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH=4,AM_PM=1,HOUR=4,HOUR_OF_DAY=16,MINUTE=28,SECOND=54,MILLISECOND=404,ZONE_OFFSET=-28800000,DST_OFFSET=3600000]
你可以看到,旧的TimeZone和GregorianCalendar类的toString()方法太啰嗦了,一点都不友好。
这就是所有的Java 8 日期/时间API的内容,我非常喜欢这个API,它易于使用,同时它采取了某项工作,使相似的方法也易于寻找,虽然从旧的类转移到新的日期时间类需要消耗一定的时间,但我相信这是值得的。
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